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September 15, 2004
Mobile HCI 2004: Tilt, touch and text entry
tilt-based automatic zooming and scaling in mobile devices
Parisa Eslambolchilar
gestures mean you don't need to look at the screen
useful for browsing long documents, web browsing etc.
problem with scrollbars
they're on the right, yet most content is on the left (study by Brewster)
people's eyes kangaroo from one side to the other
Lensbar, Pad, Pad++ - speed dependent automatic zooming methods
dynamics in HCI
people are in tightly coupled continuous systems
engineering dynamics shows systems with continuous feedback
input devices
isometric josticks or elastic switches are good because self-centering
3D accelerometers
using a state space rperesentation and math to create a better speed dependent automatic zooming method (SDAZ)
(demo of an accelerometer based reading system based on tilt and shaking)
People still more comfortable with stylus-controlled version
*****
An Evaluation of Techniques for Browsing Photograph Collections on Small Displays
Dynal Patel and Matt Jones
tension with mobile devices
vast storage, limited display
one view is that the phone is just an appliance, and you'll do all your actions on a larger screen/PC
but
mobiles offer the opportunity to do small tasks in idle time - like renaming pictures (Christian Lindholm)
need to design browsing techniques for the small screen
3 browsing interfaces for photos:
Thumbnail browser - discrete zoom. Allows zoom into one photo from thumbnails.
Auto zoom - scrolling and zooming integrated into one action - SDAZ
gesture zoom - horizontal controls zoom level, vertical controls scroll speed
test with 72 subjects carried out, tasks based on ethnographic research.
Techniques help when looking for small things. AZ twice as fast as DZ for finding small events.
Only worth implementing these for hundreds of photos.
Recently ported to Pocket PC and Nokia 6600, with joystick to control
techniques very extensible - could be used with wheel interactions, smartpads...
lots of white space currently - could this be used more effectively?
SDAZ also good for maps, not good for documents (maybe if some semantic processing is done)
*****
Variability in Wrist-Tilt Accelerometer Based Gesture Interfaces
Andrew Crossan
continuous interaction
phone emulation running on a pocket pC(!)
(good demo of flick and tilt based navigation of Nokia Series 40 interface)
is it equally easy to target all 8 directions?
test with 12 subjects
lower targets significantly easier to target
some movement in opposite direction - confusion of mapping metaphor - bubble vs. marble
*****
Pen-Based Gestures: An Approach to Reducing Screen Clutter in Mobile Computing
Mark Nicholson, Paul Vickers
sonically-enhanced pen-based gestures
used Palm v - 160x160 (2% of the area of a 1280x1024 screen)
10% or more is used by buttons on screen
can we get rid of the buttons?
alternatives -
gestures (stylus strokes)
whole screen gesture instead of buttons?
cinema listing application built to test the idea
gesture set of 6 gestures
problems?
no visual cues as to available actions
memorability of hte gestures
recognition algorithms aren't always reliable enough for all users
use audio cues to inform user of available actions
3 groups of gestures - navigation, decision and cinema-specific
single, double and triple tones
earcons found to be difficult to remember and recognise
gesture mode required fewer stylus presses
*****
Dynamic Primitives for Gestural Interaction
Steven Strachan
BodySpace project
new form of screen-free interaction
dynamic movement primatives approach
XSens accelerometer with iPaq
four gestures:
chest to left shoulder, right shoulder, back of head, back pocket
all performed with left hand whilst standing still
*****
Touch Detection System for Mobile Terminals
Jani Mäntyjärvi
Detection of touch
explicit presence of a hand
related work - capacitive sensor, skin conductance measurement, skin impedence measurement
sensing electrodes incorporated into phone
*****
Mobile Text Input with Soft Keyboards: Optimization by Means of Visual Clues
Laurent Magnien
layout optimisations
OPTI, Metropolis, Fitaly
these benefit experts, but give poor performance for novices
use of visual highlights for character prediction
time saved approx 40%
*****
Watch-Top Text-Entry: Can Phone-Style Predictive Text-Entry Work With Only 5 Buttons?
Mark Dunlop
4 letter keys plus space
central display
t9 style prediction
double load space/next
support two thumb typing
main trouble is thumbs obscuring the entered text
psudo-optimised alphabet onto 4 buttons via dictionary analysis
multi-click: 2.1 clicks per letter
t9: 1.009 clicks per letter
alpha watch: 1.06
GORSUV watch: 1.041
limitations
lowercase letters only and no editing
soft-screen emulation may have reduced phone usage
watch is slower, by 40%, but may increase with time
may be faster if you took watch off
*****
Pair-wise Variability Index: Evaluating the Cognitive Difficulty of using Mobile Text Entry Systems
Frode Eika Sandnes
performance oriented
cps
keystroke per character
error oriented
cognitive
NASA task load index (TLX)
some relationship between typing speed, error rate and cognitive difficulty of typing speed
duration of inter-keystroke display related to cognitive processing load
a regular typing rhythm may lead to a cognitively balanced text entry strategy
tested with three entry systems, based on 5 keys
multitap, tree-based (e.g. first click part of alphabet, second click the actual letter), one stroke (similar to t9)
most cognitively difficult is tree based (and least productive), one stroke is fastest and most preferred, but high cognitive difficulty
multitap easiest cognitively but not as fast
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